Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors among Adult Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a major public health problem and a leading contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a disproportionately high burden in low- and middle-income countries. In Pakistan, rapid urbanization and lifestyle transitions have increased hypertension prevalence, yet many cases remain undiagnosed, particularly in routine outpatient settings. Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and identify associated risk factors among adult patients attending outpatient clinics in Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 165 adult patients attending selected outpatient clinics in Lahore. Blood pressure was measured using a standardized protocol, and hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic characteristics, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, dietary salt intake, and family history of hypertension. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses, including chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression, were performed. Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 34.5%. Hypertension prevalence increased significantly with age, reaching 52.5% among participants older than 50 years. Obesity (adjusted OR 3.68; 95% CI 1.62–8.37), high dietary salt intake (adjusted OR 2.41; 95% CI 1.19–4.88), and positive family history of hypertension (adjusted OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.12–4.40) were independently associated with hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertension is highly prevalent among adult outpatients in Lahore, with several modifiable risk factors identified. Routine screening and targeted lifestyle interventions in outpatient settings are essential to reduce the growing burden of hypertension.