About the Journal Journal of Medicine and Allied Health, launched in 2024, is the official peer-reviewed open access journal jomah.org of medicine and various allied health professions. As an open access publication, it permits authors to self-archive the final accepted version of articles on any OAI-compliant institutional or subject-based repository. The journal is published biannually. Aim and Scope Journal of Medicine and Allied Health is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles in the fields of medicine and allied health professions, including medicine, surgery, pediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics, psychiatry & neurology, dermatology, infectious diseases & microbiology, physiotherapy, metabolic disorders and biochemistry, dental hygiene, dietetics, nutrition, physiology, psychology, and mental health. The journal operates a rigorous double-blind peer review process, ensuring integrity, fairness, and transparency by concealing the identities of authors and reviewers throughout the review cycle. The journal welcomes original articles, review articles, case reports, and correspondences of exceptional and unique importance. Research examining innovative medical advancements in clinical, experimental, and allied health disciplines is enthusiastically received. The aim and significance of the journal is to provide a forum for the publication of research papers across all aspects of medicine and allied health professions, promoting the exchange of new medical knowledge. Contact Us Editorial Office: Office, Khan Family Clinic, P/O 34400 Pakistan KMC Healthcare Solution® SECP Registered Tel: +92 316 4638211 Email: editoric@jomah.org
Occupational Hazards and Safety Awareness among Medical Imaging Technologists: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Medical imaging technologists are routinely exposed to occupational hazards, particularly ionizing radiation and ergonomic stressors, which may adversely affect their health if appropriate safety measures are not consistently applied. In resource-limited healthcare settings, gaps in safety awareness and compliance may further increase occupational risks. Objective: To assess the prevalence of occupational hazards and evaluate safety awareness and protective practices among medical imaging technologists working in public and private hospitals in Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from January to June 2025 among 220 medical imaging technologists. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire assessing occupational hazard exposure, safety awareness, and protective practices. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses were performed using SPSS version 26, with associations evaluated using chi-square tests and independent sample t-tests. Results: Occupational radiation exposure was reported by 70.0% of participants, and 62.7% experienced work-related musculoskeletal pain. Adequate knowledge of the ALARA principle was observed in 56.4% of technologists, while only 43.6% consistently used lead aprons and 46.4% used radiation monitoring badges. Formal safety training was significantly associated with higher safety awareness levels (p < 0.001), as was greater professional experience (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Medical imaging technologists in Lahore experience substantial occupational hazards with moderate safety awareness and inconsistent protective practices. Strengthening structured safety training, enforcing protective measures, and improving ergonomic interventions are essential to enhance occupational health and safety in imaging departments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Medicine and Allied Health
Influence of Weather on the Incidence of Mood Disorders by Gender: A Descriptive Study
Background: Mood disorders are multifactorial conditions influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental determinants. Weather-related factors such as temperature, sunlight exposure, humidity, and seasonal variation have been implicated in mood regulation, yet gender-specific patterns in weather-associated mood disorder frequency remain insufficiently described. Objective: To describe the relationship between weather conditions and the frequency of mood disorders and to examine gender-based differences in their distribution. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a 12-month period among 300 adult patients diagnosed with mood disorders according to DSM-5 criteria at outpatient psychiatric clinics of a tertiary care hospital. Meteorological data on temperature, sunlight exposure, humidity, and season were obtained from official records and temporally matched to clinical assessments. Gender-stratified frequencies were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests, including chi-square analysis and logistic regression. Results: Mood disorder frequency varied significantly by season, with the highest proportion observed during winter (38.0%, p = 0.018). Low ambient temperature (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.12–2.35), reduced sunlight exposure (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.23–2.46), and high humidity (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.01–1.98) were significantly associated with higher mood disorder frequency. Females accounted for 62.7% of cases and demonstrated significantly higher vulnerability under low sunlight conditions compared with males (OR = 1.39, p = 0.044). Conclusion: Weather-related factors, particularly seasonal variation and reduced sunlight exposure, are associated with gender-specific differences in mood disorder frequency, highlighting the importance of incorporating environmental and gender-sensitive considerations into mental health assessment and care.
Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome among Allied Health Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is an increasingly prevalent occupational health condition resulting from prolonged digital screen use and is characterized by visual and musculoskeletal symptoms that can impair work efficiency and well-being. Allied health professionals are particularly vulnerable due to sustained screen-based clinical and administrative tasks, yet local evidence from low- and middle-income settings remains limited. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome among allied health professionals in Lahore and to examine its association with daily screen exposure. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 145 allied health professionals working in selected healthcare institutions in Lahore. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire capturing demographic characteristics, average daily screen time, and CVS-related symptoms. CVS was defined as the presence of one or more visual or musculoskeletal symptoms associated with screen use. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate prevalence, and chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were applied to assess associations between screen exposure and CVS. Results: The overall prevalence of CVS was 68.3%. Eye strain (61.4%) and headache (55.2%) were the most frequently reported symptoms. Participants with screen exposure exceeding six hours per day had significantly higher odds of CVS compared with those using screens for two to four hours (adjusted OR 6.92; 95% CI 2.41–19.8), demonstrating a clear dose–response relationship. Age and gender were not independently associated with CVS. Conclusion: Computer Vision Syndrome is highly prevalent among allied health professionals in Lahore, with prolonged screen exposure emerging as the strongest risk factor. Implementation of ergonomic interventions, promotion of regular visual breaks, and increased occupational health awareness are essential to reduce the burden of CVS in healthcare settings.
Patient Satisfaction with Rehabilitation Services in Secondary Care Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Patient satisfaction is a key indicator of healthcare quality and is particularly important in rehabilitation services, where sustained patient engagement, communication, and service organization influence treatment adherence and outcomes. Evidence on patient satisfaction with rehabilitation services in secondary care hospitals in low- and middle-income countries remains limited. Objective: To assess the level of patient satisfaction with rehabilitation services in secondary care hospitals in Lahore and to identify service-related factors associated with overall satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 170 adult patients receiving rehabilitation services in selected secondary care hospitals in Lahore. Patient satisfaction was measured using a structured questionnaire covering therapist behavior, communication, treatment effectiveness, waiting time, environment, and facility resources, rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics summarized satisfaction levels, while chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine associations between patient characteristics, service domains, and overall satisfaction. Results: Overall, 68.2% of patients reported satisfaction with rehabilitation services. The highest satisfaction was observed for therapist behavior (74.1%) and communication (70.6%), whereas waiting time (55.9%) and facility resources (58.2%) received comparatively lower ratings. In adjusted analyses, positive therapist behavior (adjusted OR 3.21; 95% CI 1.61–6.42), effective communication (adjusted OR 2.48; 95% CI 1.29–4.78), and shorter waiting time (adjusted OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.02–3.68) were independently associated with overall satisfaction. Conclusion: Most patients were satisfied with rehabilitation services in secondary care hospitals in Lahore; however, organizational and infrastructural factors, particularly waiting time and resource availability, require improvement to enhance patient-centered care.
Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors among Adult Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Hypertension is a major public health problem and a leading contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a disproportionately high burden in low- and middle-income countries. In Pakistan, rapid urbanization and lifestyle transitions have increased hypertension prevalence, yet many cases remain undiagnosed, particularly in routine outpatient settings. Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and identify associated risk factors among adult patients attending outpatient clinics in Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 165 adult patients attending selected outpatient clinics in Lahore. Blood pressure was measured using a standardized protocol, and hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic characteristics, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, dietary salt intake, and family history of hypertension. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses, including chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression, were performed. Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 34.5%. Hypertension prevalence increased significantly with age, reaching 52.5% among participants older than 50 years. Obesity (adjusted OR 3.68; 95% CI 1.62–8.37), high dietary salt intake (adjusted OR 2.41; 95% CI 1.19–4.88), and positive family history of hypertension (adjusted OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.12–4.40) were independently associated with hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertension is highly prevalent among adult outpatients in Lahore, with several modifiable risk factors identified. Routine screening and targeted lifestyle interventions in outpatient settings are essential to reduce the growing burden of hypertension.
Physical Activity Levels and Lifestyle Behaviors among Allied Health Science Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Physical inactivity and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are increasingly common among university students and are associated with an elevated risk of non-communicable diseases. However, evidence focusing specifically on Allied Health Science students in low- and middle-income countries remains limited. Objectives: To assess physical activity levels and associated lifestyle behaviors among Allied Health Science students in Lahore and to examine the co-occurrence of physical inactivity with adverse lifestyle patterns. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 160 Allied Health Science students enrolled in selected institutes in Lahore. Physical activity levels were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form and categorized as low, moderate, or high. Lifestyle behaviors, including dietary patterns, sleep duration, screen time, and smoking status, were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics. Associations between physical activity levels and lifestyle behaviors were examined using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for age and gender. Results: Among the participants, 27.5% reported low physical activity, 56.3% moderate activity, and 16.2% high activity levels. Low physical activity was significantly associated with unhealthy dietary patterns (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–4.18), sleep duration of less than six hours per night (AOR 2.89; 95% CI 1.42–5.88), and daily screen time of four or more hours (AOR 3.11; 95% CI 1.45–6.66). Gender was not independently associated with physical activity level. Conclusion: A considerable proportion of Allied Health Science students in Lahore exhibit physical inactivity accompanied by multiple adverse lifestyle behaviors. These findings highlight the need for integrated, institution-based health promotion and lifestyle modification programs targeting physical activity, sleep hygiene, and healthy dietary practices among university students.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Diabetes Mellitus among Patients in Primary Health Care Settings: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Hypertension is a major public health problem and a leading contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a disproportionately high burden in low- and middle-income countries. In Pakistan, rapid urbanization and lifestyle transitions have contributed to increasing hypertension prevalence, while many cases remain undiagnosed in routine outpatient settings. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and identify associated risk factors among adult patients attending outpatient clinics in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 165 adult patients attending selected outpatient clinics in Lahore. Blood pressure was measured using a standardized protocol. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic characteristics, body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, dietary salt intake, and family history of hypertension. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and inferential analyses, including chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression, were performed to identify factors independently associated with hypertension. Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 34.5%. Prevalence increased significantly with age, reaching 52.5% among participants older than 50 years. Obesity was strongly associated with hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62–8.37). High dietary salt intake (AOR 2.41; 95% CI 1.19–4.88) and a positive family history of hypertension (AOR 2.22; 95% CI 1.12–4.40) were also independently associated with hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertension was highly prevalent among adult outpatients in Lahore, with several modifiable risk factors identified. Integrating routine blood pressure screening and targeted lifestyle modification interventions into outpatient care is essential to improve early detection and reduce the burden of hypertension-related complications.
Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associated Factors among Female Patients in Tertiary Care Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Anemia remains a major public health concern among women, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and is associated with substantial morbidity, impaired functional capacity, and adverse reproductive and health outcomes. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of anemia and identify associated factors among adult female patients attending tertiary care hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 adult female patients attending outpatient and inpatient departments of selected tertiary care hospitals in Lahore. Hemoglobin levels were measured using standard laboratory methods, and anemia severity was classified according to World Health Organization criteria. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, dietary habits (including iron intake), menstrual history, reproductive factors, and comorbid conditions. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate prevalence, and inferential analyses were performed to examine associations between anemia and potential risk factors. Results: The overall prevalence of anemia was 46.1%. Mild, moderate, and severe anemia were identified in 21.7%, 19.4%, and 5.0% of participants, respectively. Anemia was significantly associated with low dietary iron intake, low socioeconomic status, heavy menstrual bleeding, and short inter-pregnancy interval. Higher prevalence was also observed among younger women and those with undernutrition. Conclusion: Anemia was highly prevalent among female patients attending tertiary care hospitals in Lahore, with several modifiable risk factors identified. Strengthening routine screening, improving dietary iron intake through targeted nutrition interventions, and integrating reproductive health counseling are essential strategies to reduce the burden of anemia among women.
Psychosocial and Daily Living Experiences Following Spinal Cord Injury
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-altering condition with long-term consequences for physical functioning, psychological well-being, and social participation. Understanding the lived experiences of individuals with SCI is essential to inform patient-centered and comprehensive rehabilitation services. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the emotional, physical, and social challenges experienced by individuals living with SCI and to identify key themes influencing adaptation following injury. Methodology: A qualitative study design was employed using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 15 individuals living with SCI. Participants varied by age, gender, injury severity, and time since injury. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis to generate core themes related to emotional adjustment, functional limitations, social experiences, and rehabilitation needs. Results: Participants described early emotional distress characterized by shock and anger, followed by gradual adjustment; 60% reported reaching a stage of emotional adaptation and acceptance. Loss of independence and social isolation were frequently reported, with many participants describing reduced participation in social activities and weakened connections with pre-injury networks. Common physical complications included chronic pain (75%), muscle spasms (55%), and pressure sores (35%). Despite these challenges, resilience was evident through adaptive coping strategies such as goal setting, problem-solving, and reliance on family and peer support. Access to rehabilitation services was viewed as central to functional recovery; however, several participants reported unmet long-term healthcare needs. Conclusion: Individuals with SCI experience complex emotional, physical, and social challenges that persist beyond the acute phase of injury. Comprehensive rehabilitation programs should integrate psychological support, ongoing management of secondary complications, and strategies to improve long-term healthcare access and social reintegration. Addressing both physical and psychosocial needs is critical to enhance quality of life and support successful adaptation after SCI.
Awareness and Early Recognition of Hypertension and Its Risk Factors Among Adult Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Background: Hypertension is a major global public health concern and a leading risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite the availability of effective screening and treatment strategies, hypertension often remains undiagnosed due to poor awareness and delayed recognition, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: To assess the level of awareness and early recognition of hypertension and its associated risk factors among adult patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Khalid Hospital, Lahore, among 140 adult patients aged 18 years and above. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, awareness of hypertension, early recognition, and knowledge of risk factors. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize awareness levels, and chi-square tests were applied to examine associations between awareness and selected demographic variables. Results: The mean age of participants was 44.3 ± 11.8 years, with 55.7% being male. Good overall awareness was observed in 32.9% of participants, while 27.1% demonstrated poor awareness. Although 68.6% correctly identified hypertension as high blood pressure, only 51.4% recognized its asymptomatic nature. Higher education level and family history of hypertension were significantly associated with better awareness (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Awareness and early recognition of hypertension among adult patients were suboptimal, with notable gaps in understanding its silent progression and key risk factors. Strengthening patient education and promoting routine blood pressure screening within healthcare settings are essential to improve early detection and prevent hypertension-related complications.
Workload Stress and Its Impact on Job Performance Among Registered Nurses in Clinical Settings: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Workload stress is a common occupational challenge in nursing and has been increasingly recognized as a factor that can adversely affect nurses’ well-being, job performance, and patient care quality. High clinical demands, staffing shortages, and shift work contribute to elevated stress levels, particularly in hospital settings. Objective: To assess the level of workload stress and examine its impact on job performance among registered nurses working in clinical settings at Khalid Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 160 registered nurses providing direct patient care. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire comprising demographic information, a standardized workload stress scale, and a validated job performance scale. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize stress and performance levels, while chi-square tests and Pearson correlation analysis were applied to evaluate the association between workload stress and job performance. Results: Most nurses reported moderate to high workload stress, with 48.8% experiencing moderate stress and 31.2% high stress. High job performance was reported by 31.2% of participants, whereas 22.5% demonstrated low performance. A statistically significant inverse association was observed between workload stress and job performance (p < 0.01), with higher stress levels associated with lower performance scores. Workload stress showed a moderate negative correlation with job performance (r = −0.41, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Workload stress is highly prevalent among registered nurses and has a significant negative impact on job performance. Organizational strategies aimed at workload management and stress reduction are essential to improve nursing performance and ensure quality patient care.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Medicine and Allied Health
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Nurses Regarding Infection Control Measures in Tertiary Care Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Background: Infection control has been identified as an area with immense potential for causing harm to patient safety on account of high-volume healthcare delivery systems, for which nursing practice remains crucial for preventing the transmission of infection. The aims and objectives of this study are to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice related to infection control practices among nursing personnel in Johar Poly Clinics. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on 105 registered nursing professionals who actively worked in healthcare delivery systems at Johar Poly Clinics. The structured self-administered questionnaire categorized the information collected from nursing professionals regarding demographic variables, level of knowledge related to infection control practices, attitude toward infection prevention practices, and infection control practices. Descriptive as well as inferential statistical analysis was carried out to evaluate variables influencing effective infection control practices among nursing professionals. Clinical Knowledge: The findings from this study demonstrated high-level knowledge among nursing professionals related to infection control practices, for which they showed positive attitudes toward infection prevention practices too. However, practices among just 40% nursing professionals were reported to be effective. Higher-level nursing knowledge, attendance to infection control practices workshop, and nursing professionals with higher experiences were reported to be crucial influencing variables for effective infection control practices among nursing professionals (p < 0.05). Hand hygienic practices were found to be high, but deficiencies were noted in biomedical disposable practices as well as personal protective equipment practices
Prevalence and Psychological Correlates of Eco-Anxiety and Coping Strategies: Evidence from a Mixed-Methods Study
Eco-anxiety is an emerging public mental health concern linked to climate change and may contribute to significant psychological distress and functional impairment. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and psychosocial consequences of eco-anxiety, examine its association with generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms, and identify coping strategies associated with lower distress. Methodology: A mixed-methods study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey and semi-structured qualitative interviews. A total of 86 participants completed questionnaires assessing eco-anxiety and mental health symptoms. Generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured using validated instruments (GAD-7 and PHQ-9). Quantitative data were analyzed to estimate prevalence and associations between eco-anxiety, comorbid symptoms, and coping variables. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis to explore lived experiences and perceived coping strategies. Results: Overall, 72.1% of respondents reported moderate-to-high levels of eco-anxiety. Eco-anxiety was associated with co-occurring generalized anxiety and major depressive symptoms in 42.3% of participants. Coping approaches involving community/social support and mindfulness-based strategies were associated with significantly lower anxiety levels. Thematic analysis highlighted eco-anxiety as a meaningful source of mental health burden and identified coping as most effective when it was both socially supported and action oriented. Conclusion: Eco-anxiety was common in this sample and was associated with clinically relevant symptoms of generalized anxiety and depression. Community-connected and mindfulness-based coping strategies were linked to lower distress. Public health responses should incorporate mental health–informed climate communication and policy-level interventions, alongside targeted prevention and resilience-building programs for vulnerable populations. Longitudinal research is recommended to clarify long-term impacts and protective factors.
The Contribution of Social Media to Public Health Education and Awareness
Background: Social media has become a major source of information influencing public awareness, education, and health-related decision-making. Understanding user engagement patterns and perceptions of content credibility is essential for improving the effectiveness of digital health communication. Objectives: This study aimed to assess social media usage patterns, engagement behaviors, content preferences, and perceived credibility among a heterogeneous population, and to examine associations between demographic factors and engagement motivations. Methodology: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from a diverse sample of participants to evaluate demographic characteristics, frequency of social media use, interaction behaviors, preferred content formats, motivations for engagement, and perceived credibility of online content. Statistical analyses were performed to determine associations between demographic variables, engagement behaviors, and motivational factors. Results: The results indicated that young adults aged 26–35 years, predominantly urban residents, demonstrated the highest levels of social media usage. Video and livestream content formats were most frequently preferred, with engagement primarily driven by appealing presentation and personal relevance. Perceptions of credibility varied across participants; however, the majority rated social media content as highly credible. Statistically significant associations were observed between demographic characteristics, engagement behaviors, and motivations for interaction. The study’s strengths included a diverse and substantial sample size, while limitations involved reliance on self-reported data and lack of platform-specific analysis. Conclusion: Social media engagement and credibility perceptions are strongly influenced by content design, digital literacy, and accessibility. Public health initiatives should prioritize the development of credible, engaging digital content and promote critical evaluation skills to enhance effective communication and reduce the risk of misinformation.
Knowledge and Awareness of Anesthesia and Its Associated Risks Among Surgical Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Anesthesia care is an essential part of surgical care. However, the knowledge about anesthesia as well as its risks in patients could still be considered inadequate in many health care setups. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and awareness about the risks associated with anesthesia in patients admitted in the Tertiary Care Hospital in Multan. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 surgical patients aged above 18 years admitted in Multan City Hospital for elective surgeries. A pre-designed interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather data about socio-demographics, knowledge about purpose, types, and anesthesiologists’ role in anesthesia administration, as well as knowledge about the risks associated with the technique. The scoring system used for knowledge measurement was poor, fair, and good. Descriptive statistics such as proportions and inferential statistics such as chi-square tests were utilized in the study. The results described the association between adequate knowledge about the risks associated with the technique. Results: Of the total 60 patients, 30 (50%) had poor knowledge about the technique, while only 12 (20%) patients had good knowledge about the technique. The knowledge about types, role of anesthesiologists in administration, as well as the risks associated with the technique, was also inadequate in the patients. Higher education and surgical experiences were independently associated with an adequate knowledge about the technique (p < 0.05). The adjusted odds ratio indicated that patients with higher education had more than eightfold higher odds for having adequate knowledge about the technique, while surgically experienced patients had significantly better knowledge about the technique than surgically naïve ones. Conclusion: The knowledge and awareness about the risks associated with the technique in surgical patients were generally inadequate, especially in less educated patients with surgical inexperience. Therefore, efforts would be required to educate patients about the technique.
Prevalence of Chronic Low Back Pain and Its Association with Physical Activity Levels Among Adults Attending Physiotherapy Clinics: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Chronic lower back pain represents one of the main sources of disability, creating a significant clinical problem. The role of physical activity as a risk factor affecting musculoskeletal disorders is widely recognized, while the relation of this factor with the intensity of suffering among patients attending a physiotherapeutic clinic is a challenge waiting to be addressed. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the scope of chronic low back pain, along with its relation to physical activity levels in the adult population attending a physiotherapeutic clinic. Methodology: An observational study with a cross-sectional design will be carried out involving 150 adults ≥ 18 years with a complaint of low back pain of more than 12 weeks’ duration. The information will be collected using a structured questionnaire evaluating the participants’ demographics, intensity of suffering, functional limitations, and levels of physical activity. The individuals will be classified into groups according to the levels of physical activity: low, moderate, and high activity. The study will help assess using descriptive statistical methods the relation of physical activity levels with the mentioned clinical variables. Results: The scope of moderate-to-severe chronic lower back pain was high among participants. Nearly 50 percent of participants had low levels of physical activity. Statistically significant relations were found among levels of physical activity, intensity of suffering, and functional limitations. Patients belonging to the lower activity group had higher chances of severe suffering, along with higher levels of functional limitations than the other groups (p < 0.05), respectively. Conclusion: Lower levels of physical activity are significantly correlated with higher intensity of suffering and higher functional limitations among adults seeking care within a physiotherapeutic clinic. Encouraging physical activity should form a central point of a treatment program offered by a physiotherapist
FREQUENCY OF LEG LENGTH DISCREPANCY SECONDARY TO UP-SLIP SACRO-ILIAC JOINT AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC FAST BOWLERS
Background: Low back pain and other musculoskeletal problems are becoming more common in cricketers, particularly fast bowlers. Fast bowlers have been shown to suffer from LBP, which affects daily activities and leads to poor performance. The repetitive spinal and pelvic motions required in fast bowling are the sources of these musculoskeletal issues. A tilted pelvis can lead to functional LLD due to an up-slip SIJ. LLD is a condition in which one leg appears to be longer than the other. Early detection of LLD can prevent fast bowlers from LBP and other musculoskeletal problems. Pakistan has several cricket academies and one of the most professional teams. Still, there is not enough study on health, fitness, and body mechanics to help assess various elements that influence a player's performance. Knowledge about LLD will benefit the players regarding their health, comfort, and performance. Therefore, we conducted this research to look at the incidence of LLD among young fast bowlers secondary to up-slip SIJ. Subject and methods: This study aims to determine the frequency of LLD among young fast bowlers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among asymptomatic young fast bowlers of Karachi. We approached our target population by visiting some cricket academies in Karachi. A screening proforma was provided, and two physical tests were performed on each participant to examine LLD Results: The sample size of this study was 350. The age of the participants was between 9 and 19. Out of 350 participants, 329 were males, and 21 were females. 146 (41%) of the participants had LLD greater than 1 cm, and 204 (58.3%) didn’t have LLD or had LLD less than 1 cm. Years of practice and training hours were observed to be associated factors. Conclusion: Ruling out LLD in asymptomatic young fast bowlers is important to protect them from future musculoskeletal problems because it can affect their performance. We noticed the relation between LLD and other factors. For young players, more practice is required to balance their fitness and work performance. In the future, we hope this research will help examine LLD not only in fast bowlers but also in other players.
Assessing the effectiveness of ischemic compression withhold-relax technique for trigger points in Non-specific neck pain
Background: Pain from unknown origin can lead to miss interpretations as a result pain lingers and continues for up to month or longer like myofascial trigger points. These can affect neck, shoulder, upper back causing pain and reduced range of motion. There are lot of manual and non-manual therapies available to treat myofascial trigger point but the combination of different treatment approaches can enhance the outcome measures. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of Ischemic compression technique in conjunction with proprioceptive neuromuscular technique (Hold relax) and Ischemic compression alone. In addition, improvement in range of motion is also considered. Subject and methods: The Experimental, Randomized control trail (RCT), Group one received ICT i.e., pincer technique and group two ICT +Hold Relax for three sessions per week up to nine weeks on trigger point of upper trapezius. Baseline of six weeks and nine weeks used to assess the outcome measures. Pain intensity measure by visual analogous scale while range of motion was measured by goniometer. Results: Both interventions reduced pain intensity and increase range of motion. Group one post pain -score is (6.6± 0.5) while group two post pain -score is (7.0±1.0) at base line of nine weeks. Clients received ICT +HR shown marked improvement in neck pain at baseline of six weeks (4.1± 2.1) as compare to ICT group (5.4 ±2.0). Pre and post lateral flexion of neck. Both groups proved significant improvement in home and work activities in neck pain. Conclusion: Ischemic compression technique with holding relaxes shown more significant impact on pain intensity and range of motion. However, both groups reveal significant effect on reduction of pain intensity as well as range of lateral flexion improved.
Evaluating the effects of diet alone compared to diet coupled with strengthening exercises on anthropometric and sonographic characters in obese patients with chronic low back pain
Background: This study was aimed to equate two frequently proficient methods of weight/fat loss and in turn how they influence the low back pain (non-specific) in the subjects falling under the category of grade I and II Obesity. Subject and methods: 26 females and 26 male subjects with inactive lifestyle with age among 25- 40 years were allocated in two different assemblies on the basis of obesity grade I & II. All the participants were evaluated for their body mass/weight (BW), Pain perceptions (numeric Pain Rating Scale), Disability Index (Oswestry), Body Mass index (BMI), Waist to hip ratio (WHR), Body Fat mass/Fat mass (BFM/FM), lean Body Mass/Lean Mass (LBM/LM), Total Body Fat Percent (TBF %) & ultrasound for muscle thickness. Group A observed dieting (D) and group B was tracked for dieting with strengthening exercise (DS) training. Participants followed 42 days regimen after which all of them were evaluated again on same parameters. Results were analyzed on SPSS version 21. Results: Diet plus Strengthening group showed affirmative changes nearly in all considerations including body mass/weight (0.00), Body Mass Index (0.00), Waist-hip ratio (0.01), BF percentage (0.00), Fat Mass (0.00), Lean Mass (0.01), pain scale (0.00), disability index (0.00) & Muscle thickness (0.00). Conversely, the Diet group reflected non-significant outcomes in Waist hip ratio (p-value 0.73), lean mass (p value 0.38) & Muscle thickness (p value >0.05) Conclusion: In Comparison, 6 weeks of diet brought about the affirmative variations in NPRS and ODI but in all considerations DS group outweighed the D group.
Foot Health Status Among Obese and Non-Obese Individuals of Karachi
Background: Foot plays an important role in quality of life. During physical activity foot are continuously exposed to weight. Weight bearing on feet causes abnormal structure and functional changes. Foot problems are one of the most important factors to reduce QOL. Foot pain decrease the functional capacity of individuals. The objective of this study is to determine foot health status among obese and non-obese individuals of Karachi. Subject and methods: The cross-sectional study will be conducted on general population of Karachi with 276 sample size is calculated through open epi. This study is conducted through modified FHSQ Questionnaire. We will calculate BMI of individuals by using weighing machine and measuring tape as a tool to measure weight (kg) and height (m2). The software used for data analysis will be IBM SPSS version 21. Results: The study results shows that the level of foot pain in obese individuals was 17.4% and in non- obese was 4.3%. Obese individuals were facing difficulties in work were 9.4% and non-obese were 1.4%, Limitation in walking and climbing in obese individuals was 7.2% and 13.8% and in non-obese was 2.9% and 5.8%. (15.2%) obese individuals and (14.5%) non-obese individuals were limited a lot in moderate activities, (9.4%) obese individuals and (6.5%) non- obese were facing problems in finding comfortable shoes. (13.0%) obese individuals and (5.8%) non-obese individual’s feet were excellent. Conclusion: This study showed that obese participants facing more foot problems as compared to non- obese; obesity have a huge influence on foot health and increased BMI reduced foot function.